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<br />C~ <br />10 <br />Pyridinetriphenylborane <br />0 <br />0 <br />Thiram <br />0 <br />0 <br />'19 of these species are algae. <br />The effects of metal-based booster biocides in the marine <br />environment is also uncertain. Copper compounds such as cuprous <br />oxide, copper thiocyanate, or metallic copper have been used as <br />principle biocides. However, in order to protect against alternative <br />species, various booster biocides are used to control the copper- <br />tolerant organisms (Voulvoulis et al. 1999). The effects of copper ion <br />in the marine environment is probably minimal because most copper <br />is highly bound and chelated to various ligands. However, the effects <br />of some organic boosters (e.g., dithiocarbamates) in combination <br />with copper have been reported to be additive (Voulvoulis et al. <br />1999). <br />The toxicity of another metal-based booster, zinc pyrithione, has <br />been shown to be acutely toxic to some species at similar <br />concentrations as TBT. For example, the TBT LCSO values for <br />Mysiclopsis Bahia and Oncorhynchus mykiss are 1.7 and 4.6 µg/L <br />(U. S. EPA 1997), respectively, compared to 6.3 and 3.2 µg2 for zinc <br />pyrithione. In mammals, zinc pyrithione has been shown to cause <br />paralysis and to be mutagenic (Snyder et al. 1965; Adam et al. 1995). <br />Further studies are necessary to determine whether these effects <br />occur at environmentally relevant concentrations. In a recent study, <br />Goka (1999) evaluated the teratogenic potential of zinc pyrithione in <br />two species offish in early life stage (ELS) toxicity tests: zebra fish <br />(Brachyclanio rerio) and Japanese Medaka (Oryzias latipes). The <br />ECSO values for teratogenesis (in the form of spinal defects) in zebra <br />fish and Japanese Medaka were 9 and 5 µg/L, respectively. This <br />study demonstrated that zinc pyrithione is indeed teratogenic to two <br />species offish at fairly low concentrations, but true chronic (i.e., life <br />cycle) studies are still needed to determine the chronic sensitivities of <br />